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完善食品召回制度的法律思考/董雁春

时间:2024-07-22 16:15:06 来源: 法律资料网 作者:法律资料网 阅读:8888
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摘要:近年来,食品安全事故的频繁发生使食品安全越来越受到人们的重视。面对诸多的食品安全问题,建立快速有效的食品安全法律体系已迫在眉睫。食品召回制度作为建立食品安全体系的重要一环,有着举足轻重的地位,具有重要的理论研究价值。本文拟以《中华人民共和国食品安全法》为理论研究背景,以我国的食品召回法律制度为主线,提出该制度体系尚存在的不足,并以美国为例总结国外食品召回制度的特点,以此为借鉴,探讨如何使食品召回制度发挥其应有的作用。

  关键词:食品召回;制度完善;食品分级召回;食品溯源管理;食品召回责任险;

  “民以食为天,食以安为先”,依此普世的社会价值观念,“安全”这一要素显然是食品进入流通和消费领域所应当具备的最为基本的条件。然而近年来,食品安全事故却在不断爆发,从国际范围来说,如英国的"疯牛病"、欧洲的"口蹄疫"、席卷全球的禽流感等等。与之相应的,我国的食品安全事件也是层出不穷,如劣质奶粉、苏丹红、石蜡火锅底料、瘦肉精、毒大米,以及前几年备受关注的三鹿奶粉等事件。问题食品之多,涉及范围之广,造成后果之重,已经到了令人谈"食"色变的地步。

  面对接踵而至的食品安全问题,如何快速有效地将问题食品从市场上撤出,避免更为严重的后果,以便最大限度保护消费者的利益,是当下我国着重探讨并急于解决的问题。其中重要的举措之一,就是建立完善的食品召回制度。通过对国外先行者经验的学习以及对基于本国国情把握之上的实践摸索,形成一套独特的食品召回法律制度。

  一、食品召回制度的概述

  食品召回制度,是指由于生产商生产的食品存在设计缺陷或制造缺陷,并已经进入流通领域,为避免缺陷食品危及人身安全及财产损失,生产商必须及时将缺陷食品进入流通领域的情况向国家有关部门进行报告,并提出召回申请。如果生产商不主动召回,政府可以强行将缺陷食品进行召回,由此所确立的制度即为食品召回制度。食品召回制度是国际通行的一种食品安全事后监管有效措施,既可以有效应对食品安全突发事件,保障消费者生命健康安全,又能够明确产品质量责任主体,规范食品生产加工企业行为,从而全面提高食品行业的质量安全水平和市场竞争力。

  从食品召回制度的设计初衷与实践效果分析,该制度具有预防性、无偿性、大众性、实体法与程序法兼容性等特征。所谓预防性是指食品召回制度的功能在于预防食品安全事件的发生或者阻止其进一步扩大,从而防止更多人的生命健康利益受到侵害。该制度有利于防患于未然,避免该类产品大规模损害的发生。无偿性是指生产商、经销商、进口商必须依照法律程序无偿地召回不安全食品。因为不安全食品的产生责任在于生产者一方,消费者是受害者,所以经济损失必须由生产者承担,这也是实质正义的必然要求。大众性是食品召回制度最典型的特点,因为相比而言,汽车、玩具等产品召回涉及的只是一部分消费者,而食品消费是所有人都需从事的活动。

  此外,食品召回制度既有实体法的内容,也有程序法的规定,两者相互兼容,程序性特征又催生出期限性特点。程序性是指不管是主动召回还是被责令召回,都应该遵循一定的法律程序,违反程序将导致相关主体承担相应的法律责任。期限性是指不安全食品的召回必须在法定期限内尽快进行,这样才能及时有效地防止危害扩大。期限性特点源于食品消费的本身特点,因为食品消费是一次性的,且有保质期的限制,消费者通常不会囤积食品,食品从生产到销售再到食用的时间间隔很短。倘若食品的召回稍有迟延,就会造严重的后果。

  二、我国食品召回制度之现状

  2002年11月,北京实行“违规食品限期追回制度”,成为我国食品召回的开端。2006年8月1日起,上海市正式颁布实施《缺陷食品召回管理规定(试行)》,在全国率先实行缺陷食品分级召回,并成立了缺陷食品鉴定组,这是我国首个较为系统、具有操作性的食品召回制度。在积累了足够的实践经验后,2007年7月24日,国家质量监督检验检疫总局颁布了《食品召回管理规定》,虽然这仍然只是一个法律位阶较低的部门规章,不能统领其他食品监管部门,但我们从中可以看出我国对食品召回法律制度的重视程度。2009年2月28日,经历了数次草案搜集各方意见后,由十一届全国人大常委会第七次会议表决通过了《中华人民共和国食品安全法》,该法第五十三条对食品召回作出明确规定,至此,食品召回法律制度终于被提升到了法律的高度。

  《食品安全法》的颁布对于构建我国的食品召回法律制度体系具有里程碑的意义,但由于该法只对食品召回做了原则性的规定,并没有把食品召回在实体上和程序上如何具体操作做一个很好的衔接,而且相关的配套制度也不很完善,不可能很好地应对实际存在的种种问题。因此说我国食品召回制度尚不够成熟。而以美国为代表的发达国家的食品召回制度已相当完备,我国应当借鉴国外食品召回制度的具体做法,完善食品召回制度。

  三、以美国为例,总结国外食品召回特点

  各国在食品安全方面都制定了详细的法律法规,食品召回的监管机关、主体、条件、程序、法律责任以及食品的质量标准、检测方法等相关制度都以法律形式予以明确的规定。其中美国是世界上市场经济最发达的国家、在管理市场经济的实践中积累了丰富的经验,在食品召回的具体实施中,可操作性强,效率高,效果好,具有一定的代表性。其特点主要表现为:

  (一)强有力的政府监管体系

  从表面上看,美国食品召回是企业的自愿行为,实质上是在政府职能部门监督下实施的强制性行为。美国食品召回制度是在政府行政职能部门的主导下进行的。负责监管食品召回的是农业部食品安全检疫局、食品和药品管理局。食品安全检疫局主要负责监督肉、禽、蛋类产品质量和缺陷产品的召回,食品和药品监督局主要负责食品安全检疫局管辖以外的产品,即除肉、禽、蛋类制品以外食品的召回。这两个部门负责各自管辖下的食品召回的全过程,职责明确,互不交叉,有效的发挥监督的作用。消费者利益能得到很好的保护,不能完全归因于消费者的权益保护意识强,而是因为美国政府有一套能够帮助弱小消费者的机制。

  (二)食品召回分级召回

  美国食品安全检疫局、食品和药品安全局对缺陷食品可能引起的损害进行分级,并以此作为依据确定食品召回的级别。美国的食品召回有三级:第一级是最严重的,消费者食用了这类产品将肯定危害身体健康甚至导致死亡;第二级是危害较轻的,消费者食用后可能不利于身体健康;第三级是一般不会有危害的,消费者食用这类食品后不会引起任何不利于健康的后果,如贴错产品标签、产品标识有错误或未能充分反映产品内容等。将食品召回分级处理,既有利于正确的确定缺陷食品的危害程度,及时化解风险,同时避免了事态的扩大,造成社会成本的浪费和社会秩序的动荡。

  (三)完备的食品溯源制度

  美国食品和药品管理局规定与生产食品及动物饲料产品相关的单位,包括生产者、加工者、包装者、分销者、接受者、持有者及进口商都应当及时建立记录档案。通过全程监管,对可能会给食品安全构成潜在危害的风险预先加以防范,避免重要环节的缺失,并以此为基础实行问题食品的追溯制度。良好的食品可追溯性是成功召回食品的基础。建立从生产、加工到流通各个阶段的连续的信息追踪系统,记录保留从初级产品到最终消费品各个阶段的完整的信息资料。一旦出现食品安全问题,利用“电子身份证”等技术的广泛应用,就能立刻找到问题根源以及问题链,极大地提高了食品召回的效率和效力。

  (四)鼓励企业在食品召回中的诚信自律

  如果企业发现食品存在安全缺陷,勇于承认问题,在监管部门还没有下“禁令”时就发出产品召回令,撤回自己的产品,并且在食品召回过程中与FSIS(食品安全检验局)或FDA(食品和药物管理局)合作,主动提交问题报告要求召回缺陷食品,一般能得到宽大处理。反之,如果企业不与政府合作,发现问题有意隐瞒,不仅要承担行政责任,还可能承担刑事责任。这一制度鼓励企业诚信自律,最终赢得市场和消费者的信赖。

  三、完善我国食品召回制度的构想

  (一)完善食品召回法律体系

  要建立我国的食品召回制度就必须制定专门的法律法规,形成有机的法律体系。最新颁布的《食品安全法》第一次正式、明确地提出食品召回制度,是法律方面的一大进步,但面对越来越复杂的经济市场,单靠一部法律的力量是不够的,建议在完善食品安全法的基础上,制定其他配套的具体方面的单行法规,最终形成权威的,科学的,合理的食品召回法律体系。首先,《食品安全法》作为我国食品安全法律体系中的一般法,应该在条文中增加对《食品召回管理规定》的联系。比如在第一章总则中增加一条,“国家建立食品召回制度。有关食品召回事宜本法有规定的,依本法规定;本法没有规定的则依《食品召回管理规定》进行处理”。同时对《食品召回管理规定》进行修订,将其上升为《食品安全法》的实施细则,从而建立起宏观与微观规定相结合的食品召回法律制度体系。其次,需要分别制定食品、食品添加剂、食品用具设备召回管理办法。其中,《食品召回管理办法》应明确食品召回的适用范围、食品召回的分类、食品召回的程序、食品生产经营企业的责任、食品召回的监管职责以及法律责任等问题。《食品添加剂召回管理办法》可由卫生行政部门发布,明确食品添加剂召回的标准要求、食品添加剂召回的程序以及相关主体的权利、义务和职责。《食品用具、设备、包装材料召回管理办法》可由卫生、工商部门联合发布,明确召回的适用范围、召回的标准要求、程序以及法律责任等问题。最后,需要制定食品、食品添加剂、食品用具设备召回指南。此类指南虽不具有法律、法规、规章的法律效力,但指南在帮助和指导企业遵守法律、法规、规章方面起着重要作用。发达国家比较注重指南的运用,我国在这方面应该给予重视。

  (二)健全食品安全监管体系

关于对私营测绘企业测绘资质管理有关问题的批复

国家测绘局


关于对私营测绘企业测绘资质管理有关问题的批复

(国测管字[2004]14号)

浙江省测绘局:
《浙江省测绘局关于测绘资质管理有关问题的紧急请示》(浙测[2004]45号)收悉。经研究,现批复如下:

一、《中华人民共和国测绘法》(以下简称《测绘法》)以及国家测绘局根据《中华人民共和国行政许可法》制定的《测绘资质管理规定》,对申请单位的所有制形式没有限制。对于私营测绘企业申请测绘资质,只要符合《测绘法》和《测绘资质管理规定》等规定的相应条件,测绘行政主管部门应当依法受理,且不得超出《测绘资质管理规定》作出其他限制性规定。

二、《测绘法》对涉密测绘事项规定:“测绘成果属于国家秘密的,适用国家保密法律、行政法规的规定”。私营测绘企业能否从事涉密测绘业务,应当由测绘项目委托方根据其具体项目涉密情况,依据国家有关保守国家秘密的法律法规要求,自行选定承担其中测绘项目的单位。测绘项目委托方和承担方应当对涉密测绘成果及项目的保密工作负责。因此,私营测绘企业能否从事涉密测绘业务,不宜在测绘资质证书中注明。测绘行政主管部门应当重点加强对测绘成果的保密监督管理工作。

                                    国家测绘局

                                  二○○四年六月七日

中国银行对外商投资企业贷款办法(附英文)(已废止)

中国银行


中国银行对外商投资企业贷款办法(附英文)

(一九八七年四月七日国务院批准)

办法
第一条 为支持外商投资企业的生产经营活动,扩大对外经济技术合作,有利于促进国民经济的发展,特制定本办法。
第二条 中国银行按照国家政策,本着安全、有利、服务的原则,对外商投资企业的建设工程及生产经营所需的资金提供贷款,优先支持经济效益好的产品出口企业和先进技术企业。
第三条 外商投资企业,即中外合资经营企业、中外合作经营企业和外资企业(以下简称企业),凡符合本办法第七条规定的贷款条件的,均可向中国银行申请贷款。
第四条 中国银行办理贷款,必须与借款企业签订借款合同,并加强贷款管理。
第五条 中国银行对企业办理下列贷款:
一、固定资产贷款。用于基本建设项目和技术改造项目的工程建设费,技术、设备购置费及安装费。贷款方式分为:
(一)中短期贷款;
(二)买方信贷;
(三)银团贷款;
(四)项目贷款;
二、流动资金贷款。用于企业在商品生产、商品流通及正常经营活动过程中所需的资金。贷款方式分为:
(一)生产储备及营运贷款;
(二)临时贷款;
(三)活存透支。
三、现汇抵押贷款。中国银行按中国人民银行《关于外商投资企业外汇抵押人民币贷款的暂行办法》的规定办理。
四、备用贷款。根据企业申请的特定用途,经中国银行审查同意安排待使用的贷款。
第六条 贷款货币分为本币和外币两类。本币即人民币;外币包括美元、英镑、日元、港币、联邦德国马克以及中国银行同意的其他可兑换货币。
第七条 外商投资企业申请贷款应当具备以下条件:
一、企业取得中国工商行政管理机关发给的营业执照,并在中国银行开立帐户。
二、企业注册资本按期如数缴纳,并经依法验资。
三、企业董事会作出借款的决议和出具授权书。
四、企业固定资产投资项目,已由计划部门批准。
五、企业有偿还贷款能力,并提供可靠的还款、付息保证。
第八条 贷款期限的计算,自借款合同生效之日起,至合同规定的还清全部本息和费用之日止。
第九条 固定资产贷款期限,不超过七年,个别特殊项目经中国银行同意,可适当延长,但不得超过企业营业执照限定的经营期结束前一年。
第十条 流动资金贷款期限,不超过十二个月。
第十一条 人民币贷款利率按中国人民银行规定的国营企业贷款利率执行。
外币贷款利率,按中国银行总行制定的综合利率执行;也可以由借贷双方根据国际市场利率协商确定。使用外国买方信贷和其他信贷的利率,以其协议利率为基础加一定利差确定利率。
第十二条 人民币贷款按中国人民银行规定的计息期和计息办法执行;外币贷款按借款合同规定的计息期和计息办法执行。
第十三条 企业向中国银行申请贷款,按以下程序办理:
一、企业提出借款申请书,并根据所需借款的具体情况提供相应的证明和资料;
二、中国银行对企业的借款申请书及提供的证明和资料进行审查评估,经审核同意后,借贷双方协商签订借款合同。
第十四条 企业应当按照借款合同规定的时间、金额和用途使用贷款。
第十五条 企业向中国银行申请贷款,中国银行认为需要担保的,必须提供经中国银行认可的担保。
第十六条 企业向中国银行提供以下担保:
一、信用担保。企业向中国银行提供由资信可靠、有偿付债务能力的金融机构、企业及其他单位出具的保证偿付贷款本息的不可撤销的保函。
二、抵押担保。由企业将其财产和权益抵押给银行,做为偿付中国银行贷款本息的保证。下列各项可以抵押:
(一)房产、机器设备;
(二)库存的适销商品;
(三)外币存款或者存单;
(四)可变现的有价证券及票据;
(五)股权及其他可转让的权益。
第十七条 抵押担保贷款,企业须与中国银行签署抵押文件。抵押文件须经中国公证机关公证。抵押物须向中国人民保险公司投足额保险。
中国银行认为必要时,企业应当提供信用加抵押担保。
第十八条 企业须按照借款合同的规定按期如数偿还贷款,支付利息和费用。
第十九条 企业在纳税之后的净现金收入,应当首先偿还固定资产贷款。
第二十条 对不遵守借款合同规定的企业,中国银行有权根据借款合同,视违约情节,采取以下措施以维护权益:
一、限期纠正违约事件;
二、停止发放贷款;
三、提前收回贷款;
四、通知担保人履行担保责任。
第二十一条 企业如未按期归还贷款本金和支付利息,信用担保贷款,由担保企业(单位)负责偿还所欠贷款本息和费用;抵押担保贷款,中国银行依据法律规定有权以抵押物折价或者以变卖抵押品的价款,优先得到偿付贷款的本息及其他欠款。
企业逾期未还的贷款,中国银行从逾期之日起加收20%至50%的罚息。
第二十二条 中国银行有权对企业使用贷款的情况进行检查。在还清贷款之前,企业应当向中国银行定期报送有关工程建设进度和生产、销售、财务等各项计划以及执行情况的报表、资料。企业业主为另一法人的,中国银行认为必要时,业主的年度财务报表,应当报送中国银行。
中国银行进行信贷检查时,企业应当如实反映情况并提供工作便利。
第二十三条 企业在还清贷款前,经营中的资金往来,除中国银行同意者外,均须通过在中国银行开立的帐户办理,不得擅自将资金转移到其他银行或者金融机构。中国银行认为必要时,有权要求企业开立“保管帐户”。
第二十四条 企业董事会或者业主有关财务方面的重大决议或者决定以及董事会的人事变动等,应当及时通知中国银行;企业的合营合同和合作合同及企业章程的重大修改和补充,如影响到中国银行债权时,应当事先征求中国银行意见。
第二十五条 除中国银行同意者外,企业与中国银行签订的借款合同及附件等法律文件的有效文字为中文,适用法律为中华人民共和国法律。
第二十六条 本办法的实施细则,由中国银行总行制定。经济特区内的中国银行,可根据其业务的具体情况,拟定细则,报中国银行总行批准后执行。
第二十七条 本办法自发布之日起施行。一九八一年三月十三日国务院批准、中国银行发布的《中国银行办理中外合资经营企业贷款暂行办法》同时废止。
本办法施行以前中国银行与企业签订的借款合同,仍按原订条款执行。(附英文)

MEASURES OF THE BANK OF CHINA CONCERNING THE GRANTING OF LOANS TOENTERPRISES WITH FOREIGN INVESTMENT

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
MEASURES OF THE BANK OF CHINA CONCERNING THE GRANTING OF LOANS TO
ENTERPRISES WITH FOREIGN INVESTMENT
(Approved by the State Council on April 7, 1987 and promulgated by
the Bank of China on April 24, 1987)
Article 1
These Measures are formulated for the purpose of supporting the production
and business activities of enterprises with foreign investment, expanding
the economic and technological co-operation with foreign countries, and
facilitating and promoting the development of national economy.
Article 2
The Bank of China shall, in accordance with the State policies and on the
basis of the principles of ensuring safety and benefit and providing
services, grant loans to enterprises with foreign investment that need
funds for their construction projects and production and business
operations, with the priority to those product-for-export enterprises and
advanced technology enterprises which enjoy good economic returns.
Article 3
Enterprises with foreign investment, i.e. Chinese-foreign equity joint
ventures and Chinese-foreign contractual joint ventures, and foreign-
capital enterprises (hereinafter referred to as "enterprises") that
qualify for obtaining loans as prescribed in Article 7 of these Measures
may apply to the Bank of China for loans.
Article 4
The Bank of China must, when providing loans, sign a loan agreement with
the borrower and strengthen the management of its loans.
Article 5
The Bank of China shall grant the following loans to the enterprises:
1. Fixed assets loans to be used for covering the expenses for the
construction, the purchase of technology and equipment, and the
installation of the equipment incurred by capital construction projects
and technical innovation projects. The loans shall be divided into the
following forms:
(1) medium and short-term loans;
(2) buyer's credit;
(3) syndicate loans;
(4) project loans.
2. Working capital loans to be used as funds needed in the enterprises'
production and circulation of commodities and in their normal business
operations. The loan shall be divided into the following forms:
(1) production reserves and operating loans;
(2) incidental loans;
(3) current deposit overdraft.
3. Loans on spot exchange mortgage to be granted by the Bank of China in
accordance with the provisions of the Interim Measures Concerning the
Renminbi with Foreign Investment promulgated by the People's Bank of
China.
4. Stand-by loans to be granted by the Bank of China upon examination and
approval of the application submitted by an enterprise, and be put by and
used for future special purposes as specified in the application.
Article 6
The currencies in respect of loans shall be divided into domestic currency
and foreign currencies. The domestic currency refers to Renminbi and
foreign currencies shall include U.S. Dollars, British Sterling Pounds,
Japanese Yens, Hong Kong Dollars, Federal German Marks, and other
convertible currencies accepted by the Bank of China.
Article 7
Any enterprise with foreign investment that applies for loans shall
satisfy the following precondition:
1. The applying enterprise has obtained a business licence issued by a
Chinese administrative department for industry and commerce and has opened
an account with the Bank of China.
2. The registered capital of the applying enterprise has been fully paid
in within the prescribed period of time and has been increased in
accordance with the law.
3. The board of directors of the applying enterprise has made the decision
on the borrowing and has issued the letter of authorization.
4. The programme of investment in fixed assets of the applying enterprise
has been approved by a planning department.
5. The applying enterprise has the ability to repay the loan and has
provided the reliable guarantee for repaying the principal and interest.
Article 8
The term of a loan shall commence from the day on which the loan contract
goes into effect and terminate on the day on which the principal, the
interest, and all other relevant fees have been paid in full as stipulated
by the contract.
Article 9
The term for a fixed assets loan shall not exceed 7 years. The term of a
loan for a particular project of a special type may, subject to the
approval of the Bank of China, be properly extended, but such extension
shall not exceed the time which is one year prior to the termination of
business of the enterprise as prescribed by the business licence of the
enterprise.
Article 10
The term of a working capital loan shall not exceed 12 months.
Article 11
The interest rates of loans in Renminbi shall be calculated in accordance
with the interest rates of loans granted to State-owned enterprises as
determined by the People's Bank of China.
The interest rates of loans in foreign currencies shall be calculated in
accordance with the integrated interest rates set by the Head Office of
the Bank of China; it may also be determined through consultation between
the lender and the borrower in the light of the interest rates in the
international market. The interest rates with respect to foreign buyer's
credit and other credits shall be determined on the basis of the agreed
rates plus a certain margin.
Article 12
The period and method for calculating interest with respect to loans in
Renminbi shall be those prescribed by the People's Bank of China; the
period and method for calculating interest with respect to loans in
foreign currencies shall be those prescribed in loan contracts.
Article 13
Any enterprise that applies to the Bank of China for a loan shall go
through the following procedures:
1. The enterprise shall submit an application, together with the
corresponding certifications and materials in the light of the specific
details of the requirement for the loan;
2. The Bank of China shall examine and assess the application and the
certifications and materials submitted, and upon verification and
approval, the lender and the borrower shall sign a loan contract through
negotiation.
Article 14
The enterprise shall use the loan in accordance with the schedule, amount
and scope for use as stipulated in the loan contract.
Article 15
In case where the Bank of China deems it necessary for the enterprise
applying for loans to provide a guarantee, the enterprise must provide one
that is acceptable to the Bank.
Article 16
The enterprise may submit to the Bank of China the following guarantees:
1. Credit guarantee. The enterprise may submit to the Bank of China an
irrevocable letter of guarantee for the repayment of the principal and
interest of the loan issued by a financial institution, or an enterprise,
or any other unit that enjoys creditworthiness and has the capability to
repay the debt.
2. Mortgage guarantee. The enterprise may mortgage its property and rights
and interests to the Bank of China as guarantee for the repayment of the
principal and interest of the loan granted by the Bank of China. The
following items may be mortgaged:
(1) building property, machinery and equipment;
(2) marketable goods in stock;
(3) deposits or deposit certificates in foreign currencies;
(4) negotiable securities and instruments;
(5) stock equities or other transferable rights and interests.
Article 17
An enterprise that is to obtain a loan secured by mortgage shall sign a
mortgage document with the Bank of China, which shall be notarized by a
Chinese notary office. The collateral security shall be insured with the
People's Insurance Company of China in its full value. The enterprise
shall provide both credit guarantee and mortgage guarantee when the Bank
of China deems it necessary.
Article 18
The enterprise shall, in accordance with the loan contract, repay the loan
and pay the interest and other relevant fees in full and on schedule.
Article 19
The after-tax net cash income of the enterprise shall first be used to
repay the fixed assets loan.
Article 20
With respect to an enterprise that fails to comply with the provisions of
the loan contract, the Bank of China shall have the right to adopt the
following measures to safeguard its rights and interests in accordance
with the loan contract and in the light of the seriousness of the breach:
1. setting a deadline for the rectification of the breach;
2. suspending the loan;
3. recalling the loan ahead of schedule;
4. notifying the guarantor to perform its guarantee responsibility.
Article 21
If the enterprise fails to repay the principal of the loan and pay the
interest, in the case of a loan in credit guarantee, the guarantor
enterprise (or unit) shall be liable for repaying the defaulted principal
of the loan and paying the defaulted interest and relevant fees thereon
and, in the case of a loan on mortgage guarantee, the Bank of China shall,
in accordance with the provisions of the law, have the right and priority
to have the principal of the loan repaid and have the defaulted interest
and other fees thereon paid with the collateral security duly commuted or
with the money derived from selling the collateral security.
With respect to a loan which the enterprise fails to repay on schedule,
the Bank of China shall impose as a penalty an additional interest at a
rate ranging from 20 percent to 50 percent above its original rate
starting from the day repayment is overdue.
Article 22
The Bank of China shall have the right to examine the situation as to how
the enterprise is using the loan. The enterprise shall periodically report
to the Bank of China the progress of the construction of the project
concerned, the plans for its production, sales and finance, and submit the
statements and materials of implementation thereof until the loan is fully
repaid. If the owner of the enterprise is represented by another legal
person, the owner shall, when the Bank of China deems it necessary, submit
to the Bank of China its annual financial statement.
When the Bank of China is conducting inspection of credit, the enterprise
shall report the actual situation and provide convenience for the work.
Article 23
Before the loan is fully repaid, the enterprise shall, unless otherwise
approved by the Bank of China, handle all the financial matters in its
business operations through the account it has opened with the Bank of
China and may not transfer its funds to other banks or financial
institutions without authorization. When the Bank of China deems it
necessary, it shall have the right to require the enterprise to open a
custody account.
Article 24
The enterprise shall notify in due time the Bank of China of any major
resolutions or decisions made by its board of directors or by its owner on
financial affairs as well as of any change of personnel in the board. The
enterprise shall solicit the opinions of the Bank of China in advance with
respect to any major amendments and supplements to its joint venture
contract or cooperative contract and its articles of association, if such
amendments and supplements will affect the creditor's rights of the Bank
of China.
Article 25
Unless otherwise approved by the Bank of China, the valid language used in
the legal documents such as the loan contract signed by the enterprise and
the Bank of China and the annexes thereto shall be the Chinese language
and the applicable law shall be the law of the People's Republic of China.
Article 26
The rules for the implementation of these Measures shall be formulated by
the Head Office of the Bank of China. The Bank of China in a special
economic zone may, in the light of its actual business situation, draw up
detailed rules for the implementation thereof, which shall be submitted to
the Head Office of the Bank of China for approval before they are
enforced.
Article 27
These Measures shall go into effect as of the date of promulgation. The
Interim Measures of the Bank of China for Granting Loans to Chinese-
Foreign Equity Joint Ventures approved by the State Council and
promulgated by the Bank of China on March 3, 1981 shall be simultaneously
annulled.
With respect to the loan contracts signed by the Bank of China and
enterprises before the entry into force of these Measures, such loan
contracts shall continue to be valid.